Practical Skills vs Knowledge Gained from Textbooks Essay

Practical Skills vs Knowledge Gained from Textbooks - Essay Example Instead, practical skills such as creativity, critical thinking, resourcefulness, and originality are now considered more valuable than things that are being learned in textbooks.   Learning practical skills does not mean forgoing theoretical concepts in learning any subjects.   It meant the fusion of theories into practice and the ability to adapt to change to make the knowledge and skills useful in the real world.   This method of learning was emphasized by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft and a college dropout, as more necessary in the economy than the traditional modes of learning that is textbook based that does not teach students to solve any real-world problem. The real world requires solving practical issues and the ability to adapt to change.   Learning merely base on textbooks do not teach these skills and therefore would render the student unprepared to face the real world when he or she graduated from the university.   What is ideal to become eclectic in learning approach to draw knowledge and skills from many sources that include not an only textbook, but also experience, experiments, practice, and creativity.

Transformation of Asean Community to Aec and the Effects to Thailand Essay Example for Free

Transformation of Asean Community to Aec and the Effects to Thailand Essay Recently, the world has experienced financial crisis, those countries that have been powerful and have strong economies such as the members of European Union (EU) such as the United Kingdom, France and Greece, are facing a big financial collapse. So now a new economic community is arising with intense competition because new markets are developing and financial opportunities are sought. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of significant players in the world’s economy for centuries. It has emerged strongly from the financial crisis offering the new opportunities for investors and businesspeople. The interest and attention of investment are moving to the ASEAN area more and more each year because of the available untapped market in the ASEAN and the potential of being the production base that eases and facilitates those new incoming traders and investors. Many investors have kept their eyes on the region’s performance and its transition into the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which is the newest area of economic integration in the world. To study this economic bloc is significant in order to capture the great opportunities and prepare to be ready in taking the supreme advantages from the AEC. In the transforming processes, some practices will be applied to the members and that can make the difference between failure and success of the AEC project apparent. This could lead to a modification of the plan for AEC integration in the future, from the beginning of origin point to the change of community which takes place in four phases, its visions and four pillars. They should be taken into consideration to learn how it works to move forward because this economic community will possibly be the new engine of the world economy. This essay consists of an introduction, explanation and clarification on the ASEAN and the AEC. In order to critically examine the AEC; most of its dimensions will be discussed. There are three areas included in the paper which are, firstly; identify and describe both communities’ purposes of existing as well as the characteristics of the community, these explanations can be used to explain and clarify what the AEC represents in the past, present, and future. The detail of each four-pillar, the core targets of the AEC, will be carefully interpreted. Secondly; the benefits of the AEC will be briefly examined. And lastly, the challenges that the AEC may face in the progression of it transformation from ASEAN will be analysed. Some suggestion will be offered in the conclusion. What are ASEAN and AEC? Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. The founding members are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. After that Brunei Darussalam, Viet Nam, Lao PDR and Myanmar, and Cambodia joined in 1984, 1995, 1997, and 1999, respectively. At the beginning, â€Å"it was for political purposes and was declared a preferential trade area in 1977.† (Frankel and Wei, 1997, p.312) that is the point where the ASEAN started moving towards the economic community and move further in 1992 when the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) was established. Source: International Monetary Fund, 1994, World Economic Outlook, October 1994: A Survey by the Staff (Washington) Its performances have been outstanding. Apparently from many measurements, for example, the increasing of ASEAN’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the indicator that used to calculate health of the areas’ economy, compares to other countries’ is remarkable. In figure 1, from 1960-70, its Real GDP was 5.6. It has gradually increased and in 1990-2000, the real GDP was 7.6 which comparable with Republic of Korea, slightly lower than China and even higher than Japan that was at 2.5 (Larsen F., Aziz J., 1997, p.309). The Real GDP Growth of the ASEAN-6 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) is forecasted to reach 6.0% on average from 2011-2015 while the EU’s real GDP growth before 2015 will not be more than 3% (The Conference Board, 2012). Additionally, the inflation has remained stable which reflects the notable performance of the ASEAN in setting fiscal and financial policies. Furthermore, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows that was unattractive in the past, now it has distinguished among the world FDI inflows. As of 1995-2005, the FDI inflows of the ASEAN was about US$15,773 to US$38,083 million (ASEAN FDI Database, 2006, p.13) but after that it has been rocketed to US$47,075.6, US$ 38,266 and US$76,207 million in 2008-2010, respectively.(ASEAN Foreign Direct Investment Statistics Database, 2012, p.1) Part One: Purposes of Establishing AEC The main purpose of the establishment of ASEAN was cooperation in many areas such as economic, social, and etc. that promotes the regional peace and stability. (Economic Community Factbook , 2011, p.viii) Even though, there are many changes in the framework of improvement in the ASEAN, the shared vision â€Å"outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies†(ibid., p.viii) is maintained and used as fundamental outline in the future for every ASEAN nations. In 2003, all ASEAN members decided to create the more committed and strong economic community which is called â€Å"AEC†; they targeted to reach the plan by 2020. But then in 2007, they have changed to accelerate the established to 2015. The understanding on core four-pillar of the AEC can acknowledge the main purposes of the AEC and build an awareness on how the opportunities will be occurred in the region. Regard to the four-pillar (ASEAN Secretariat, 2012, p.3-14), first is ‘Single Market and Production Base’, the ASEAN attempts to bring 10 nations to become one market and a key production base of the world by executing â€Å"Five Free Flows† which are; firstly, Free Flow of Goods by creating a tariff liberalisation and a trade facilitation within the region. Making the custom process more ready and standardised to build an ‘ASEAN Single Window’, this flow leads to economies of scale, and reduction in cost while increasing productivity, to the region. Secondly, Free Flow of Services which liberalises every service sector to leverage the flexibility within the ASEAN. Thirdly, Free Flow of Skilled Labour, support efficiency and effectiveness of qualified professionals’ mobility. Fourthly, Free Flow of Investment eliminates restricted regulations that not facilitate free flow and openness in an investment. Lastly, Free Flow of Capital that integrat es the ASEAN’s financial market and capital market to ensure the trade’s strength and flow. The willingness of each nation to consolidate market is the problem that brings the most difficulty in success this pillar. The second pillar, ‘Competitive Economic Region’, aims to create the appropriate competition environment within the ASEAN by setting policies in order to protect the customer right and businesses in the ASEAN. The most important component of this pillar is an infrastructure development which includes the transportation and logistics services. The crucial point is to enhance the efficient and secure transport network; not only physical infrastructure, e.g. road and rail, but also the soft infrastructure such as high-speed connection on internet and ICT application. To ease inter-border investment and financing on regional infrastructure are the most significant leverage to create a competitive economic in the region. The infrastructures are important in catching up the world’s advancement and speed up the equal competition within the region. The third pillar, ‘Equitable Economic Development’, purposes to support the Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) and SMEs in the region for creating the fair competition and promoting the advanced competitiveness environment. It also aims to strengthen the ASEAN’s competitive capacity in international level. The gap that exists within the region can slow down the process in success of this pillar. The last pillar, ‘Integration into the Global Economy’, even though it has existed over the decades that ASEAN has signed Free Trade Area agreement with major partners in the world market, the AEC will act as the one partner to the other markets, for instance, with China where the ASEAN benefits most because of its early economic recovery. Part Two: Benefits of AEC In 2012, the ASEAN is in the phase III of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint which consists of four phases, the master plan in creating the AEC, which some benefits and obstacles in turn into new economic community have appeared and those can be learned in order to adjust the new plan, maintain the effectiveness of it and hasten the efficiency. Regard to the four-pillar, the benefits of the AEC are; attract new FDI both from within and outside the region as a result of larger market, openness and free flow within the ASEAN that are caused by non-tariff barriers. These can promote the technologicals improvement and hasten the trade integration of the region which leads to the independence from external regions’ economy. In the past, the ASEAN has relied its economic growth and trade with the major partners such as United States and European Union. As the AEC becomes more integrated, the more productivity growth and more strength in international competition capacity it will be and it will also less vulnerability to external crisis. The economies of scale is another benefit that the AEC can received if the successful of the ‘Single Market and Production Base’ happens which bring about to the cost reduction in production because of the tariff liberalisation. As soon as the free flow of skilled labour occurred, the level of education will increase dramatically which improves the living standard and income standard. Not only well-beings will arise but also the decreasing of poverty in the region will truly happen. By adding the new infrastructure to region, the convenience in communication, travel and trade will support the competitiveness of the ASEAN. Part Three: Challenges of Becoming AEC When the massive progression takes place, the challenges and problems that present obstacles and slow down the processes of transformation will occur and cause difficulties in reaching the goal. From the earlier processes till 2012; the third phase, the problems that struggle the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint have been reviewed and observed through the scorecard measurement that evaluates each phases of four-pillar. The percentage of completed tasks comparing to the benchmark is showing both successful and unsuccessful performance of the AEC. Source: Adapted from ASEAN Secretariat (2012).Chartering Progress toward Regional Economic Integration .ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard, 8-15. Retrieved August 21, 2012, http://www.aseansec.org/publications/ASEAN_AECFactBook.pdf According to the scorecard the most successful area in the four-dimension is the ‘Integration into the Global Economy’; phase I achieved 100% and phase II achieved 77.8% (on average of 85.7%), as suggested in the prior part that ASEAN have done many agreement with world partners so it is the task that every nations in ASEAN can do best as a result of well experienced. The most difficult part is ‘Single Market and Production Base’; phase I achieved 93.8% and phase II achieved 49.1% (on average of 65.9%) and closely followed by the ‘Equitable Economic Development’ that is on average of 66.7%. These are the areas where the ASEAN cannot do well because of the gap between members, obviously that ASEAN-6 and CLMV are very apart in standard of living and education which lead to lack of attention from those laggards in improving equality abilities toward the AEC, as well as the behindhand infrastructure development countries such as the Philippines, Lao PDR and Vietnam that have to catch up with others (Basu Das, 2012, p.4) the lack of financial support could be the main cause because to build up the strong infrastructure network, it requires massive financial investment not only for the construct platform but also the management tasks. Those other countries are also slow in implementing the plan, for example, in Thailand; the corruption has slowed the development progress. In Cambodia and Myanmar, political restrictions and barriers are controversial and unpredictable. Another challenge is the ASEAN nations see each other as competitors not partners, for instance, Thailand and Vietnam in Rice industry, they compete to lead in the sector, they not intend to become the single market in reality. Moreover, trade within the ASEAN is relatively low compared with other regions in the world (A. Frankel J. Wei S., 1997, p.312). This causes the weakness of the ASEAN in competing with other regional integration because its economy, including the export and import, depends on other countries and leads to financial weakness. Lastly, the language struggle is a major issue. People in the ASEAN are lacking in linguistic skills, except in Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines, they cannot speak English and Chinese which are the main business median languages so it seems to bring the inequality to the people in region and slow the success of ‘Free Flow of Labour’. Conclusion The AEC is the most crucial task that the ASEAN has to complete in order to have a sustainable growth in financial and economic affairs in the future. Though the establishment of the ASEAN was long, the gap between nations still exists. And even though outstanding performance is the most attractiveness from investors, the readiness in infrastructure is still questionable. Towards the AEC era requires hard working and cooperation within the ASEAN, the success of the AEC can come from the readiness of individuals in region. Thus, education is the fundamental factor to create understanding in the AEC’s purposes. It can empower people to obtain the most benefits from the AEC and not to be taken advantages by foreign investors. The foundation principles of the AEC are the four-pillars which will assist it in becoming a single market and key production base of the world. With an appropriate competitive environment and a developed uniformity the region can become a significant global economic engine. People should also be well-informed about the positive sides as well as the challenges in the transformation to the AEC so they can take full advantage of these opportunities. Nevertheless, the AEC is like other economic communities, it is essential to have a consistency in development, discipline and commitment of each nation in the community. As can be seen from the failure of the other communities such as the EU, the carelessness and indiscipline can cause on uncontrollable crisis that can affect people around the world and diminish confidence. Bibliography ASEAN FDI Database (2006).FDI Flow to ASEAN 1995-1st Quarter 2006.Statistics of Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN, 13. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://www.aseansec.org/5187-1.pdf ASEAN Foreign Direct Investment Statistics Database (2012).Top ten sources of foreign direct investment inflow to ASEAN.ASEAN Statistics.1. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://www.aseansec.org/stat/Table27.pdf ASEAN Secretariat (2012).Chartering Progress toward Regional Economic Integration .ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard, Retrieved August 21, 2012, http://www.aseansec.org/publications/ASEAN_AECFactBook.pdf Basu Das, S. (Eds.) (2012). Achieving the Asian Economic Community 2015: Challenges for member countries and business. Singapore: ISEAS. Frankel, J., Wei, S. (1997).ASEAN in a Regional Perspective. In J.Hicklin D.Robinson A. Singh(Eds.), Macroeconomic Issues Facing ASEAN Countries (pp.311-365). Washington D.C.: External Relations Department, Publication Services. International Monetary Fund, 1994, World Economic Outlook, October 1994: A Survey by the Staff (Washington). Larsen, F., Aziz, J. (1997).ASEAN in the World Economy. In J.Hicklin D.Robinson A. Singh (Eds.), Macroeconomic Issues Facing ASEAN Countries (pp.299-310). Washington D.C.: External Relations Department, Publication Services. The Conference Board (2012).Comparison of Base Scenario with Optimistic and Pessimistic Scenarios, 2012 – 2025.Global Economic Outlook 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from http://www.conference-board.org/data/globaloutlook.cfm

An Evaluation Of Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay

An Evaluation Of Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay In the modern world, most of the companies try to merge their company with another company. There are some advantages and disadvantages in merging. The main advantages are reputation, brand image can be increase through the merging. The industry will become simple through merging and this is the competitive advantage, Alcatel Lucent Company can gain from the merging. The main disadvantage in merging is cross culture conflicts and this case study is about Alcatel Lucent merger. Alcatel Lucent is one of the leading companies in mobile, fixed, Optics technologies and a pioneer in applications and services (Alcatel Lucent, 2011). According to the merging procedure, Alcatel Lucent merger faced cross culture conflicts from France and U.S. Still, the company tries to control the culture conflicts in the organization. This report mainly describes the conditions and negotiation factors, industry changes after merger and the international challenges of Alcatel Lucent. 1. The conditions and negotiation factors pushed forth the merger in 2006 that were not present in 2001 According to the case, in 2006 both companies come up with new conditions and negotiation factors. Mainly, France shareholders, they gave their approval to merge Alcatel company and Lucent company. Alcatels chief executive Mr. Techuruk encouraged 1500 shareholders in Paris by mentioning Alcatel Lucent is truly global and has no equivalent today and wont in future. He also agreed to pay 10.6 billion euro for Lucent company to merge Alcatel and Lucent companies as Alcatel Lucent. The stock swap was valued at one Alcatel American depository share for every five Lucent shares. Both companies agreed to publish English as the official language of the Alcatel Lucent. After considering above conditions and factors, both company shareholders gave their approval to merge Alcatel Lucent as one company. They also decided to deal with both pre-merger and post-merger integration issues such as salaries, benefits, designations and other structural maters by holding a series of meetings between the top HR executives at the two companies. 2. merged company A merged company which means the combination of two companies where one corporation is completely absorbed by another corporation. After the merging procedure, both companies have to do business as one company. As a result of that, they should invent new identities for the company. They couldnt use their separate identities for the business. Any company, they couldnt merge with another company without the approval of shareholders. Negotiation also very important for merged companies. Negotiation is the process of discussion by which two or more parties aim to reach a mutually acceptable agreement (Strategic International Management, 2011). There are five stages included in the negotiation process. Those stages are preparation, relationship building, exchanging task related information, persuasion and concessions and agreement. Mainly, any organization, they wants to follow this negotiation process when they planning to merge their company with another company. Alcatel is a company which produce the communication equipments for their customers and Lucent company, they provides telecommunication services to their customers. After merging these two companies, their industries become simple. As Alcatel Lucent, they did their sales of $25 billion. They also produced many telecommunication products such as wireless equipments, wire line equipments, wireless infrastructures, internet routers, equipment for carrying calls over the internet, etc. The negative side of the industry is company loss $7 billion since the merger. In addition to that, Alcatel Lucent around 16500 jobs since merger. As the advantages of the industry, for the fourth quarter 2006, the company posts adjusted pro-forma revenues of Euro 4,421 million and operating profits of Euro 21 million. The company reported Euro 18,254 million adjusted pro-forma and operation profit of Euro 1,025 million for the full year 2006. On 31st December 2006, their total cash and marketable securiti es was Euro 6.7 billion leaving a net cash position of Euro 508 million. 3. Evaluation of the comment that the merger is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a giant transatlantic experiment in multicultural diversity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  When Lucents merger with Frances Alcatel, Russo became CEO of the combined Company and Tchuruk became chairman. According to the American culture terms, that means Russo runs the company. But, in the French culture terms, the chairman is the boss. In addition to that, Americans and French have very different ideas about what to do when a company is in crisis. The American preference is to right-size the business, a euphemism for cutting jobs and lowering costs. In French, their preference is to protect the jobs by looking for assistance from a friendly government. According to the above situation, Alcatel Lucent have to face difficulties because the two nationalities are trying to protect the jobs of their compatriots. Mainly, the French and the Americans have different business cultures. Their business patterns are completely different. In Alcatel Lucent, both American and French cultures affect for the decision making process in the company. Alcatel Lucent have to find a solution t o solve the culture conflicts in the organization. According to the case, there is an evidence that the company has run into cross-cultural problems since the merger took place in 2006. The evidence is, in July 2008, the Alcatel Lucent CEO Patricia Russo resigned by mentioning she cant work with her fellow board member Serge Tchuruk. As a result of that, Mr. Serge Tchuruk also resigned from his job. Mainly, these cross cultural problems occurred because the overall leadership of the company had been handed to the target company. 4. The international challenges that Alcatel-Lucent faces as it moves forward as a combined company Low cost competition from new Chinese rivals There are many Chinese competitors in the industry. Those competitors mainly affects the Alcatel Lucents business. In China, their labour cost is very low comparing to the France or USA. As a result of that, the product cost in china is very low and it affects with the Alcatel Lucents product price. Most of the customers, they always try to buy cheap products from the market. Alcatel Lucent company, still they couldnt earn enough profit from their industry. They do their business as low profit, low growth company. For example, Alcatel Lucents main Chinese competitors are ZTE and Huawei. Their cost structures are more favorable than Alcatel Lucent Company. Technology changes Technology changes also very important for Alcatel Lucent Company. The technology is always getting improving. As a result of that, many companies tries to add new features to their equipments. As an international company, Alcatel Lucent also wants to consider these technological changes when they do their production process. Sometimes, Alcatel Lucent company have to spend more money to get latest technology for their products. Alcatel Lucent is the only Western Company to offer or develop products for all wireless technologies (GSM, UMTS/HSPA, LTE, CDMA2000, WiMAX). Transformation to digital economies On 7th of September in 2007, Alcatel Lucent and Nextgen Networks started their broadband business in Australia. Nextgen Networks owns and operates Australias third fibre network. This is the first Australian and Asia Pacific first with the delivery of traffic 100 gigabits speed. When Alcatel Lucent entering to the digital economies such as Australia, the company have to transfer of over 100,000 mp3 files in 60 seconds or the live streaming of over 15,000 HDTV channels parallel. Mainly, the company should improve their optical and IP technologies to do the above process successfully. Alcatel Lucent have to find some cost effective strategies when they do their fast broadband business in Australia. They also have to increase network capacity and manage quality of service to meet new customer demands in Australia. Rural Inclusion According to the rural inclusion, Alcatel Lucent Company have to expand their business all over the world. When they planning to start their business in a rural area, the company have to arrange the background to start business over there. Mainly, the company have to built partnership with local companies to create high added value services. The company also have to consider the local population in those areas when they start business internationally. Cross Culture Conflicts According to the case, there were some changes in management team and board of directors in Alcatel Lucent company. CEO, Pat Russo resigned from her job in July 2008. Non executive chairman, Serge Tchuruk also resigned from his job. Pat Russo clearly mentioned that she cannot work with Serge Tchuruk. At that time, there were many disagreements between Russo and Serge in the company. Still, both U.S and France cultures affects on Alcatel Lucents business. Alcatel Lucent as a multinational company, they have to start their business in various countries. Mainly, they have to make cultural changes inside the company according to the country to country. For example, If Alcatel Lucent starts their business in Dubai, they have to get new employees from Dubai and they have to design their marketing according to the culture of the country. 5. Conclusion After merging Alcatel and Lucent Companies, their industries become one industry. The Alcatel Lucent merger provides many equipment and telecommunication categories to the customers. The company invented many new equipments for the customers after merging. Before the merger, both Alcatel and Lucent companies, they did their business separately. As a France company, Alcatel had their own business culture and Lucent company had own business culture as U.S company. As a result of that, both U.S and France cultures affects on Alcatel Lucent merger. The merger has many problems under cross culture conflicts. The Company lose their previous CEO and Non executive chairman because of cross culture conflicts. These cultural conflicts mainly affects on Alcatel Lucents business. In Alcatel Lucent, they have a huge competition from China. Their main competitors are ZTE and Huawei. The product price of Alcatel Lucent is very higher comparing to the Chinese competitors. Mainly, Alcatel Lucent should have to implement new strategies to reduce the product cost. Most of the customers try to buy low cost products from Chinese Companies. As a result of that, Alcatel Lucent company will lose profits from their industry. In addition to that, the company also should have to consider technological changes, transformation to digital economies and rural inclusion when they do business internationally.

Tennessee Williams: Author and Playwright :: Biography Biographies Essays

Tennessee Williams: Author and Playwright      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Lanier Williams was born on March 26th, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. Williams wrote fiction and motion picture screenplays but is primarily acclaimed for his plays. Thomas was the first son and second child of Cornelius Coffin and Edwina Dakin Williams. He was named after his paternal grandfather and insisted to be called Tom by the age of ten. His siblings include an older sister named Rose and a younger brother named Dakin. Williams spent a great deal of time with his sister Rose because she was not very stable, emotionally or mentally. Daryl E. Haley once said that Rose "was emotionally disturbed and destined to spend most of her life in mental institutions." Tom was primarily raised by his mother because his father was a traveling shoe salesman. Edwina Dakin Williams was the daughter of a minister and very over protective of Thomas. She began to be over protective after he caught Diphtheria when he was five years old. His mother was also an a ggressive woman caught up in her fantasies of genteel southern living. Amanda Wingfield, a character in his play The Glass Menagerie, was modeled after Williams' mother. Cornelius Coffin Williams, Tom's father, spent most of his time on the road. Cornelius came from a very prestigious family that included Mississippi's very first governor and senator. Mr. Haley also states that Tom's father was "at turns distant and abusive," that is, when he was actually around. Toms father also repeatedly favored his younger brother Dakin over both of his older children. Big Daddy, in Tom's play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, is modeled after his father. Thomas once said, in reference to his parents relationship, "It was just a wrong marriage." From 1923 to 1926 Thomas attended Ben Blewette Junior High, and was at this time that some of his first stories were published in a local newspaper.    Thomas Williams lived in Clarksdale, Mississippi for several years before moving to St. Louis in 1918 at the age of seven. At age sixteen Tom had his first brush with the publishing world when he won third place for his essay "Can a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?". Besides winning third place, he also got five dollars from this National Essay Contest. In 1927, also at age sixteen, he published "The Vengeance of Nitocris." In the fall of 1929 he attended the University of Missouri to study journalism.

Psychological factors

Games Psychological factors Prepared by: Mohamed Diab Computer games are popular because they affect us emotionally, in a similar way to films and music. Just as a horror movie makes you feel scared, a survival horror computer game can terrify you too. In some ways the game makes it feel more real because you are controlling the character, so what happens to the character can feel like it is happening to you. Games designers use the psychological factors to improve their games and make the experience of playing them more memorable.It can be one very simply and subtly, or it can be done in a very obvious way, depending on the needs of the game. Use of Sound Sound can make you feel lots of different things – it can make you feel happy, sad, scared, brave. There isn't a single human emotion that hasn't been represented in music or sound effects at some point in our history. Games designers use this to their advantage and there will be an audio designer whose role is to pick the s ound effects and musical scores that are used throughout a game. High-pitched, fast-paced music or sound effects tend to make you feel more excited and as if you are in the middle of the ction.Platform games and racing games use these features to add to the game's excitement and pace. Page 2 of 10 Horror games use string instruments such as violins and the sound of creaking floor boards to make people feel tense in the same way that a horror movie does. High Score Listings anyone except the computer. Even multiplayer games were usually limited to two people. Single-player games today are often driven by the storyline and the player will continue playing to the end in order to find out what happens. In more basic games, however, this is not the case.The high score table or list becomes the otivation to play again and again. If you feel compelled to improve your high score then you will keep on playing the game until you succeed and this means that you will get more game-play for your money. A high score list is an alternative to the storyline as a motivator for playing a game repeatedly. Some recent games, especially sports games and casual games, still include high score lists and you often have the option to publish your score on line through the game so that you can compare yours to those of people across the world.In many FPS (first person shooter) games that ave online multiplayer settings, you can have a world ranking which shows you how well you are doing in a similar way to a high score list. Page 3 of 10 Competitive Games Competition with others is a driving factor that makes people try to improve their skills and abilities. High score lists will encourage you to compete against yourself, but competitive games where you play against other people will make you even more motivated to improve. Throughout our history there are examples of people competing against each other in order to prove that they are the best at something.The most wellknown example is he Olympic Games, where people come together from every country in the world to compete, and the event generates a lot of international goodwill and excitement. Inevitably there are occasions when people become over-competitive and the desire to win becomes a negative rather than positive motivation. On the whole, however, competition teaches people to be good losers, to push themselves and to analyse their skills and formulate plans to improve those skills.These are all positive attributes that make an individual successful in the world of work and are undeniably associated with being successful at computer games. Page 4 of 10 Since online multiplayer games have become mainstream, people have enjoyed playing a range of different games against friends or strangers. Some of the consoles that are aimed at younger children, such as the Nintendo† Wii or DS, restrict online play to those who are known to the player in day-to-day life rather than introducing them to people through the game that they have never met face to face.

Can negotiations occur without trust

Can negotiations occur without trust BY Richer The nature of negotiation and its process constitutes a number of various factors that leads to an effective or ineffective process and outcome. One of the primary purposes of a negotiation is to come an agreement with another party by exchanging offers and to find solutions to a common issue, â€Å"whenever we cannot achieve our objectives single-heartedly' (Thompson, 2009).Some believe that in order to conduct a negotiation, trust is an utmost important factor as negotiators depend on the information provided by the other party, on the outcomes to which the parties omit throughout the negotiation process, and on the other party to deliver the commitments (Licked, Poplin, 2013). This essay aims to discuss whether trust is a precondition for negotiation. As such, it will attempt to reach to a deeper understanding of trust in a negotiation, before understanding how it may influence the outcome, and whether a negotiation may take place be tween us and the people whom we do not trust.Examples of trust and distrust within negotiations are given, before the essay will conclude with reasons why it is impossible to successfully negotiate with people whom we do not trust. Trust is commonly defined as a confident and positive expectation of the actions of another party (Lessons, Smith, 2012). Trusting gives us the assumption that the other party would meet the expectation by considering our welfare and honoring their commitment towards the agreement.Trust in negotiations, like in any other independent relationships, is characterized by dependency and vulnerability to the other party. Trust in this case, according to Lessons, implies to the positive expectation to sought common solutions to create value, integrate interests, and find mutually beneficial solutions (Lessons, Smith, 2012). This brings us to the characteristic of an integrative negotiation, which seeks to create value and achieving joint gains. In such cases, ne gotiators are in dependence to each or one another for the sharing or exchange of information.According to Licked and Poplin, even though a negotiator may have a certain level of doubt in the other party, he or she still has to have at least a bit of trust, otherwise, it may be impossible to accept anything the other party says at face value or reach a viable agreement (Licked, Poplin, 2013). As a result, being constantly afraid and doubtful with what is being shared would not low us to take a step further. This is further aggravated by the fact that negotiators may not be able to verify the received information.Here, trust is more about acceptance rather than further scrutiny and serves as stepping-stones to have an exchange of information during the negotiation process. Without trust, we are not able to move on further to create solutions and agreements based on the information received. As such, the negotiation is impossible to proceed further due to an absence of trust. In a neg otiation, many parties tend to focus on positions, not interests. The relevance f how interests could halt a negotiation seems to interlink with the problem of having trust.If we do not trust the other party, we lack an openness to share our objectives and understand their interests in the negotiation. In an example of the story shared by (Fisher, Our, 2006), two men were in conflict in a library as one wanted the window open and the other wanted it closed. Both could not come to an agreement on how much to leave the window open. When a third party, the librarian asked why both mean wanted it closed or open, one shared that he wanted to get fresh air, but the other wanted to avoid the draft (Fisher, Our, 2006).Here, we can see how both men focused on the position, the â€Å"what†, and not each other's interests, the â€Å"why'. As such, we can see that without understanding each other's interest, both men came into conflict and could not negotiate on a solution. As a result, it then becomes virtually impossible to really identify or appreciate the problem that actually needs to be addressed (Fisher, Our, 2006). To build on this, trust is extremely important as it serves as a foundation for understanding each other's interest before working on the solutions or agreements.Without trust, both parties will not seek to understand each other, and end up being fixated on their positions due to their own interests. This prevents both parties to successfully negotiate on the issue. In order to negotiate, trust is important in order to avoid retaliation due to a conflict of views and ideas. Without trust, every solution and idea will be met with suspicion and skepticism. This lack of trust not only inhibits cooperation and successful negotiation, it may also result in retaliation that causes the escalation of conflict (Coleman, et al. 2000). In addition, according to (Kramer, 1994), this may even result n paranoid cognitions in which one may feel that he or she is subject to the other party malevolence. These perceptions may then drive him or her to the point of hyper vigilance and rumination, resulting in a faulty diagnosis of the result of working with the other party (Licked, 2006). As such, conflicts would then arise, as the negotiator would increasingly focus on his or her position, and end up reluctant to come into agreement.The negotiation will then come to an impasse as both sides end up using their negative perceptions to retaliate each other, causing the conflict to escalate beyond control. As explained above, trust seems to be indispensable in order to negotiate. However, according to a writer Bonnie Change, claiming trust is necessary for all negotiation seem to be an overstatement as the significance of trust is culture and context specific (Change, 2009). In her example of how two people may conduct a negotiation without trust, she gave a scenario of negotiation with hostage- takers.A negotiator and a hostage-taker do not kno w each other and thus, will not have any trust between them. However, both of them may still engage in a negotiation to lay down the benefits of letting the hostage go. The negotiator's main objective is to talk the hostage-taker into revealing information about him or herself, and find out what kind of concessions to make for the release of the hostage. The hostage-taker's main objective is to use the hostage to obtain what he or she needs, including the escape from the crime.The succession of the negotiation in such cases are a result of the weight of the gains and losses, depending on which side has more power to influence the outcome. For example, if the hostage were to be a high profile person, the hostage-taker would have more power to negotiate through to his or her wants. Therefore, through this example, negotiations may occur even though both parties do not trust each other. According to (Choc, 2013), should there be no trust between two parties, relying on formal legal mec hanisms such as preparing contracts are constructive ways to proceed with a negotiation.These formalized documents remind people of what they had agreed upon and serves as documentation, minimizing miscommunication that may occur if a deal is made based on fertilization. Creation of such agreements usually requires elaborate consequences and penalties for violating the terms of agreement (Licked, Poplin, 2013). These consequences of violation commonly includes penalties such as monetary compensations and mechanisms such as law and the police force will be brought in to become part of the system of enforcement, should any agreements be violated.With a contract to force people to keep to a certain agreement, trust is not required in order for a negotiation to occur. We meet new people everyday, and sometimes, negotiations may occur whether or not we know the person. Of course, trust is not immediately established. Rather, like impressions, our Judgments of trustworthiness can occur ra pidly at the start of a stagnation. This trustworthiness may result from what the negotiator has learned about the other party's reputation. For example, if I wanted to buy something for a shop owner for the first time, I will naturally exhibit skepticism in the shop owner and the quality of the goods.However, if I see a crowd at the shop with people snapping up the items, naturally, I would have the trust in the shop owner that the goods sold would be good. Here, we can see how the reputation of a person may easily create trust in us, towards the other party, even if we were to be meeting for the first time. In addition, many negotiations seek trust as the objective and continue to build trust throughout the negotiation process. In the example of the negotiation with a hostage taker, the negotiator and hostage-taker may have not trust between each other at the very start.However, along the way, trust is built when both sides seek to understand the concessions that they can make, in order to gain what they want. While these initial impressions may also change as a negotiation unfolds, they create a powerful frame for interpreting the other party behavior and also provide a heuristic for duding negotiators' strategy choices (Lessons, Smith, 2012). As such, trust is important to keep a negotiation process going, and it is definitely an important factor to determine the relationship and outcome of the negotiation with the other party.As such, we cannot negotiate with people whom we do not trust. Earlier, contract binding was mentioned as a way where negotiation may occur even if there is no trust between two parties. Here, it is true that the two parties may have no personal trust in each other. However, according to Shapiro, even if there may be o personal trust, an institutional trust, also known as trust in a system, is what is present, leading to the creation of contract making (Shapiro et al. , 1992). With a trust in the legal enforcement system, it also cre ates a deterrence-based trust in order for a negotiation to proceed.Shapiro further added that this is a basic and ‘minimal condition' of trust in all negotiations (Shapiro et al. , 1992). This depends on the consistency in behavior and the threat of punishment if they do not maintain their promises to a certain commitment, and violate the documented agreements. In edition, it also depends on the gains for adhering to the agreements, such as rewards. Thus, the mentioned forms of trust will still be present even if we may have no personal trust.According to (Licked, 2000), even the most complex and sophisticated formal contract cannot stipulate every detail or possible contingency about the deal. Therefore, having personal trust in the other party is still critical. Without personal trust, a negotiation would not occur. This essay aims to discuss whether it is possible to negotiate with people whom we do not trust. Trust in this case, refers to having a positive expectation of the other arty and allowing ourselves to be dependent and vulnerable to the other party.There may seem to be cases where we may not have personal trust in a person and yet will still be able to negotiate. However, as mentioned in the essay, it may seem that trust is not present, but we may have a different form of trust, an institutionalized trust and most definitely, a deterrence based trust to ensure that we do not fall victim to breaches in agreements. The essay may show that it requires trust to form only cooperative agreements. However, likewise in competitive negotiations, it can still occur as deterrence based trust will be present to ensure hat agreements are not breached.As mentioned in the essay, without trust, we will only focus on our own objectives and interests and thus, will not allow the other party to gain anything. As a result, the negotiation will only come to an impasse if agreements cannot be made. In addition, without trust, we will be suspicious and skeptical of the information that is shared with us. This causes us to develop paranoid conditions and result in a conflict instead of being able to negotiate. To conclude, it is certainly critical to have some form of trust in a negotiation. However, it s also good to have relative trust, rather than an absolute trust.Having a fair share of distrust will definitely help us draw caution to what concessions we make. Ultimately, we cannot negotiate with people we do not trust at all. Trust will enable both parties to reach a solution that is needed or accepted by both sides, when we are not able to achieve them on our own.

The eNotes Blog No Accounting for Taste A Bunch of Over-Educated People Confess BookHatred

No Accounting for Taste A Bunch of Over-Educated People Confess BookHatred Y U NO see this book is HORRIBLE? I just asked my group of friends on Facebook to tell me what book they HATE that everyone else seems to love. Well, it has been roughly one hour and we are up to  EIGHTY-TWO comments. Now, to look at the list you would think this was NOT a group of people holding approximately one-third of the nations student debt. You would not suspect that the  lowest  degree among thesecontributors is a Masters. No, to look at this list would be to assume an IQ level hovering around say Kardashian. I am here to tell you that even those of us who consider tweed to be sexy and elbow pads to be all-the-rage can admit that there are certain works that we just cannot stand.   Some are classic, some we are forced to teach, some are foisted on to us via book clubs. Whatever the case, you will either take umbrage or comfort in the forthcoming admissions: Moby Dick  by Herman Melville Erudite Explanation: Ughhh The Fountainhead  by Ayn Rand If there are more than 79 pages, this grad student will never find out. Repeated attempts all stop there. A Confederacy of Dunces  by John Kennedy Toole Pulitzer-Schumlitzer. PFFFT. Edith Wharton. All of it.   Nattering in drawing rooms. If only WHARTON had been killed by a runaway sled. The Great Gatsby  by F. Scott Fitzgerald It  pains  me to put this here but poor ol Jay, Nick, Daisy and the rest of the West Egg Gang got at least three thumbs down. A fellow professor gently expresses her reasoning:   Everyone loves that book, but I hated it. I hated it when we read it in high school, and I hated it when I re-read it in grad school, because I had to teach it. Lord of the Flies  by William Golding   Clearly it is a good thing our semesters are over: Kids dont just stop being psychotic animals because an adult shows up. Pride and Prejudice  by Jane Austen Male friend intones OHHHHHH Mr. Darcy!! (I detect sarcasm.) Jane Eyre  by Charlotte Bronte   I wish they wouldve both died in the fire. So, this is just a sampling of the long-held vitriol among our kind. What did you hate that you were forced to read? Or who do you think listed here is completely wrong and should not be allowed to instruct Our Nations Youth? We really want to know!

Raptorex - Facts and Figures

Raptorex - Facts and Figures Name: Raptorex (Greek for thief king); pronounced RAP-toe-rex Habitat: Woodlands of central Asia Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 150 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; stunted hands and arms About Raptorex Discovered in inner Mongolia by the famous paleontologist Paul Sereno, Raptorex lived about 60 million years before its more famous descendant Tyrannosaurus Rexbut this dinosaur already had the basic tyrannosaur body plan (big head, powerful legs, stunted arms), albeit in a diminutive package of only 150 pounds or so. (Based on an analysis of its bones, the sole specimen of Raptorex appears to have been a full-grown adult six years of age). Analogizing from other early tyrannosaurslike the Asian DilongRaptorex may have been covered with feathers, though as yet theres no definitive proof for this. A recent study of Raptorexs type fossil has cast some doubt on the conclusions reached by Sereno. Another team of paleontologists claims that the sediments Raptorex was found in have been dated incorrectly, and that this dinosaur was actually a juvenile of the late Cretaceous tyrannosaur Tarbosaurus! (The giveaway is that the fossil of a prehistoric fish uncovered alongside Raptorex was misidentified, and it fact belonged to a genus that plied the rivers of Mongolia during the late rather than early Cretaceous period.)

A white girls Burden

A white girls Burden†, written Amy Finnegan is an article about a social movement, which happened in 2012, this is most commonly referred to as Kony 2012. This movement was started by a group of 3 regular Californian guys who had typical lives who were motivated to started an organization on this situation which is called invisible children, which was first formed in 2003. The video titled â€Å"Kony 2012† is 30 minutes long and quickly made an appearance on many social networks and newspapers across North America, â€Å"sparking wide spread concern about the lords resistance army (LRA) war in central Africa†. Once this video became viral thousands of people became moved about this issue and started to help fundraise thousands of dollars to help the cause from all ages of people. â€Å"Invisible children mobilizes predominantly young, privileged, evangelical Christian, female Americans to participate in a unique form of â€Å" non-wave-making activism† (Finnegan, 2013). Aside from fundraising people were also reaching out to all the contacts and sources they had to further raise the awareness of the war in Africa. Soon after the video was released invisible children had already raised 1 million dollars after a week. The founders of the organization â€Å"invisible children† all had faith and were into religion, however they did not want to mix religion and business. Invisible children made a social movement unlike many others, through social medial and non-violent actions. â€Å"Distinct from activism that seeks to make social change by engaging institutions through civil disobedience or public protests, invisible children promotes legal, institutional forms of engagement. † (Finnegan, 2013). Some major events that invisible children has achieved is hosted the largest lobby day ever about an African issue in U.  S history, they have also successfully gained several minutes of unscheduled airtime with Oprah to raise awareness about this conflict. In â€Å"less than an year, of the lords resistance army disarmament and northern Uganda recovery act, at a bipartisan piece of legislation that mandated that the Obama administration provide funds for the northern Uganda recovery and transitional justice initiatives, and eventually send 100 military advisors to the region in October 2011† (Finnegan, 2013). Invisible children have also being contacted by George Clooney, and other popular films like Blood Diamond. However there are 3 main problems discussed in this article regarding invisible children, firstly the media seemed to misrepresent Uganda and what one knows about it. Secondly, â€Å" invisible children also promoted policies that are highly controversial† and lastly â€Å" Americans shallow an ill-informed understanding of Africa, and a distorted picture of their own role in social change. † (Finnegan, 2013). Invisible children have focused on gaining the attention on young people because these types of people are the future and are becoming more passionate and involved in stories and issues similar to this concern all around the world. Mobilizing young people to become active on these issues is very important and very effective to changing the world, young people are more socially active online and do participate in other subjects such as invisible children and stopping Joseph Kony. This issue is still going on but has gotten better; problems like this cannot be solved overnight but throughout the past 2 years have made a significant difference and will continue to get better. Because of the generous donations and support a lot has been done regarding this issue and has led others to become aware of different problems, situations, organizations, and groups around the world.

Differences and Similarities between Christianity and Islam Essay

Differences and Similarities between Christianity and Islam - Essay Example As the son of God, Jesus is an integral part of God. Christianity is based on the idea that God has revealed Himself through Jesus Christ. Every Christian should live in accordance with the ten Christian commandments that forbid people to kill, lie, steal, etc. These laws are designed to help a person to live a life that is pleasing to God. In this respect, faith in Jesus Christ as their personal savior is a central element of Christianity. The theme of salvation presented in Christianity is inextricably linked with the idea of Jesus Christ and his role in the whole of humanity. According to the Christian view, Christ is the Messiah who came to save the world. Faith in Jesus Christ and His atoning sacrifice is the central element of Christianity. A Christian is a person who believes in the death and resurrection of Christ who came into this world to save all humankind from sinfulness. In other words, Christianity is not conceivable without faith in Jesus Christ and His extremely impo rtant role for all of humanity. Faith in Jesus Christ as the Son of God is the opportunity for eternal life after death. Through the figure of Jesus, the concept of death receives the original interpretation.Christianity does not accept death as an end, rather, death is seen as the beginning of a new life, while life on earth serves as a preparation for it (Houben, n.d.). The first humans (Adam and Eve) were created by God for eternity but they ate the forbidden fruit and became mortal. Man has lost the right to live an eternal life on earth.

Proposing a Solution on Texting While Driving Essay

Proposing a Solution on Texting While Driving - Essay Example period. In other words, it amounts to something like a driver covering a length of football field at a speed of 55 mph without looking at the road. In another study carried out in 2008 it has been mentioned that over 800,000 Americans were texting or making calls, during the same year over 6,000 Americans were killed because of distracted driving and cell phone usage is one of the major reasons. Considering the extent of loss to the life that cell phone usage, specifically texting, there has been a Federal ban on texting while driving for commercial vehicle drivers. The defaulters may be subject to fines up to USD 2,750. But even after this ban the scene has not changed significantly. In order to propose a solution to address the issue of texting while driving it may be meaningful to understand the cause that leads the drivers to text. One of the national insurance agencies in America conducted a survey of over 1500 drives, nationwide. As per the findings of the survey, the key reaso n for people to use cell phones while driving is (Deleon) â€Å"social etiquette† demands that people be in constant contact with each other, so people feel pressured to responds immediately to text messages and phone calls.† This issue may be very difficult to be addressed comprehensively by adopting just one solution. Such issues can be addressed by two types of solutions, these are i) technology based solutions and ii) by bringing about a behavioral change in the actors concerned, in this particular case drivers are the key actors. In this paper, I would like to propose a solution that aims at kindling a behavioral change in the drivers. The justification for adopting such an approach is centered on the reason for which the people get urged for texting. The key audience in this proposal is the policy makers and society in general who are usually the drivers of social and behavioral change amongst people. If the audience, as I would propose in the next section, adopts the behavioral change strategies, I believe that there would be a considerable improvement in the statistics pertaining to texting while driving. It is also important to note that the proposal that I present is even though relevant for all drivers, but has specific benefits for commercial vehicle drivers. These are the ones exposed to high risks. The proposal is presented in the table below: Strategies of principle In order to induce a behavioral change amongst commercial drivers, I propose that the telecom companies should mandatorily send Statutory Warning about the dangers of texting while driving (TWD) before each text they send such as â€Å"TWD multiplies the risk of crash incidents by 23 times.† or â€Å"You might not be able to see the person whom you text if you text while driving.† Similar warnings may also be placed on strategic places inside the car. It is the job of the policy makers to ensure that each cellphone operators comply with this regulation. Con sequences of actions The consequences of this solution are anticipated to be: Subconscious learning by every cell user about the fallouts of TWD Advocate and Amplify the cause and risks of TWD Fall in the number of TWD accidents Analogies Advertisers, social marketers and policy makers have successfully applied Statutory Warnings in order to modify behaviors with respect to other unhealthy habits such as smoking, HIV/AIDS, toys using LASERS etc. Texting while driving is already being seen as a one of the unbending issue for all

Personal Health Record Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Health Record - Essay Example What are the advantages to PHRs? Personal health records are of great importance to the patients especially in ensuring the quality of health is improved (Hebda, & Czar, 2013). Below are some of the advantages: †¢ PHR combines and coordinates information from multiple providers. This enables an improvement in care coordination. †¢ PHR also helps ensure availability of a patient’s health information. This is of importance especially the online PHR which can be used on emergencies †¢ Enhanced provider-patient communication. The communication between the care providers and the patients are enhanced through the use of PHRs easening and fastening communication. What are ways that you may access the patients PHR? Patients Personal Health records can be accessed in the following ways (Hebda, & Czar, 2013): †¢ The Nurses can use a searchable information database that is linked to the PHR. As such they determine the best way to index the information. Additionally, the use of professional lexicon can be applied. Use of key words too can be applied. What may be some obstacles that you encounter? Some of the obstacles encountered in use and access of PHR include: †¢ Cognitive barriers where some patients ability to use the computers were limited.

Male-Female Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Male-Female Relationships - Research Paper Example Thus, romantic relationship remains the main focus of many researchers. The relation now aims at analyzing the social, emotional, mental, sexual and physical aspects between the two periods. Therefore, several interviews were taken to vilify this case. Introduction In any relationship, romance is measured by several factors such as the emotions of the couple. Furthermore, one can measure the strength of the relationship by number of conflicts, occurrences of domestic violence and resolution of domestic violence. In a study carried out, seven groups of participants were studied. An interview was carried out in several parts of U.S. such as cities like New York, colleges and universities like the Harvard University, and in remote places such as Harlem. Furthermore, another aspect that was analyzed during the study was the number of respondents. The study involved seven different respondents like college students, which includes young men and women aged 18-23 years. This group was close ly followed by the old in society which involved men and women over 24 years. The third group was the scholars which involved the doctors and psychologists. Furthermore, couples were also interviewed and at the same time the singles were also interviewed. Psychiatrists and police officers gave pout their reports. In this method, related literature was also studied and analyzed. The literature was a report on a research that had been carried out ten years across the line. Research question The purpose of the study was to compare the relationship in early 90s and the present relationship in families. Several factors were measured during this study. In this study we investigated the differences between men and women. We analyzed the physical, emotional, sexual and mental differences between the two sexes. The study aimed at unfolding the differences between the city and the rural area and the influence it has on relationships. We based our analysis on television, radios, movie, music a nd many more. Furthermore, the study was aimed at investigating gender socialization and age difference in relationships. In our study, we aimed at exploratory instead of testing the hypothesis. In our study, we investigated the number of conflicts in relationships. We considered the level of conflict, the frequency with which conflicts occurred and the ease of resolving the conflicts. Conflicts in relationships can be viewed as the measure for analyzing if a relationship is fairing on well or not. Furthermore, the ease with which conflicts can be resolved is used to determine the number of families which have recently broken as results of conflicts. Research site In our research, we analyzed respondents from Harvard University who included young men and students. The study included respondents from varied cultures and believes. Other respondents from the city and the rural were also analyzed. Among the respondents in New York, we managed to interview about 80 respondents. In the sa me way, we interviewed 80 respondents from Harlem. The group included both the elderly and young couples. In addition, the analysis of the results involved an analysis of results on a report on a research that was carried in 1987 in U.S on relationship among couples. Research design Our study made use of interview which had several respondents. During the study, several samples were used in specific areas. The study involved both men and women as

Childhood Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Childhood Experience - Essay Example The paper tells that during the author’s first day in the new school, his mother dropped him off and he was led by the Principal into his first class. The researcher was very nervous and also excited. When he was introduced by the teacher as a new student, he noticed that all the students looked at him strangely – like he looked different or he was growing horns or something. This made him feel very shy and even more nervous. A chair was pointed out to the author and when he took his seat, he felt them all staring at him, particularly one girl sitting two seats in front of the author. When he braved a look at her, he saw that her eyes were squinted at him, like she was angry at him. He felt threatened by her intimidating stare. The researcher tried his best to ignore her and just listen to his teacher. During their recess, he was too nervous to go out with the other children to play, so he opened his lunchbox and just took out the sandwich his mother prepared for him. A s the author laid it out on his table, it was suddenly snatched from behind. The researchers looked at him and it was the girl who was staring at him during our class. She thanked him for the sandwich and then took a bite out of it. She then went on to spit out what she bit, saying it was disgusting. The researcher was too shocked and surprised to react to what she was doing. He did not know what to do, and when he tried to get his sandwich back, she pushed him back to his chair. At that point, their teacher came in and asked what was happening.... In the playground, I ran straight for the farthest part of the grounds, looking behind me to check if Annabelle was following me. Fortunately, I was not followed. I found a big bush with a bench behind it and I could not help but cry. I felt so miserable and lonely. Then I heard the rustling of the bush and suddenly a red-headed girl emerged. She asked me why I was crying and I told her about Annabelle. She told me that Annabelle was the class bully and she was always mean to the other children in the class. She said her name was Kathleen. She confessed that she was also bullied by Annabelle when they were in their first grade and it looks like she found a new girl to bully, namely me. She told me that whenever Annabelle is coming near, I should go close to any of the teachers and Annabelle would eventually back off. I felt better after having met Kathleen. For the next few weeks, I did what she taught me and Annabelle could not get close to bully me anymore. One time though, she cau ght me alone in class again and was trying to grab my bag. It was a good thing that Kathleen saw me being bullied and she ran to get our teacher who immediately came to reprimand Annabelle. Annabelle was sent to the Principal’s office. She never tried to bully me after that, especially as Kathleen and I grew to be best friends, keeping each other company and protecting each other when we could. Annabelle’s parents were later called and they told of their daughter’s bullying habits. The following year, Annabelle was transferred to another school by her parents. Kathleen and I have remained good friends throughout the years. And although I had a difficult time that year, I gained a friend in

Personal Health Record Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Health Record - Essay Example What are the advantages to PHRs? Personal health records are of great importance to the patients especially in ensuring the quality of health is improved (Hebda, & Czar, 2013). Below are some of the advantages: †¢ PHR combines and coordinates information from multiple providers. This enables an improvement in care coordination. †¢ PHR also helps ensure availability of a patient’s health information. This is of importance especially the online PHR which can be used on emergencies †¢ Enhanced provider-patient communication. The communication between the care providers and the patients are enhanced through the use of PHRs easening and fastening communication. What are ways that you may access the patients PHR? Patients Personal Health records can be accessed in the following ways (Hebda, & Czar, 2013): †¢ The Nurses can use a searchable information database that is linked to the PHR. As such they determine the best way to index the information. Additionally, the use of professional lexicon can be applied. Use of key words too can be applied. What may be some obstacles that you encounter? Some of the obstacles encountered in use and access of PHR include: †¢ Cognitive barriers where some patients ability to use the computers were limited.

Childhood Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Childhood Experience - Essay Example The paper tells that during the author’s first day in the new school, his mother dropped him off and he was led by the Principal into his first class. The researcher was very nervous and also excited. When he was introduced by the teacher as a new student, he noticed that all the students looked at him strangely – like he looked different or he was growing horns or something. This made him feel very shy and even more nervous. A chair was pointed out to the author and when he took his seat, he felt them all staring at him, particularly one girl sitting two seats in front of the author. When he braved a look at her, he saw that her eyes were squinted at him, like she was angry at him. He felt threatened by her intimidating stare. The researcher tried his best to ignore her and just listen to his teacher. During their recess, he was too nervous to go out with the other children to play, so he opened his lunchbox and just took out the sandwich his mother prepared for him. A s the author laid it out on his table, it was suddenly snatched from behind. The researchers looked at him and it was the girl who was staring at him during our class. She thanked him for the sandwich and then took a bite out of it. She then went on to spit out what she bit, saying it was disgusting. The researcher was too shocked and surprised to react to what she was doing. He did not know what to do, and when he tried to get his sandwich back, she pushed him back to his chair. At that point, their teacher came in and asked what was happening.... In the playground, I ran straight for the farthest part of the grounds, looking behind me to check if Annabelle was following me. Fortunately, I was not followed. I found a big bush with a bench behind it and I could not help but cry. I felt so miserable and lonely. Then I heard the rustling of the bush and suddenly a red-headed girl emerged. She asked me why I was crying and I told her about Annabelle. She told me that Annabelle was the class bully and she was always mean to the other children in the class. She said her name was Kathleen. She confessed that she was also bullied by Annabelle when they were in their first grade and it looks like she found a new girl to bully, namely me. She told me that whenever Annabelle is coming near, I should go close to any of the teachers and Annabelle would eventually back off. I felt better after having met Kathleen. For the next few weeks, I did what she taught me and Annabelle could not get close to bully me anymore. One time though, she cau ght me alone in class again and was trying to grab my bag. It was a good thing that Kathleen saw me being bullied and she ran to get our teacher who immediately came to reprimand Annabelle. Annabelle was sent to the Principal’s office. She never tried to bully me after that, especially as Kathleen and I grew to be best friends, keeping each other company and protecting each other when we could. Annabelle’s parents were later called and they told of their daughter’s bullying habits. The following year, Annabelle was transferred to another school by her parents. Kathleen and I have remained good friends throughout the years. And although I had a difficult time that year, I gained a friend in

Diagnosis and treatment of male genitourinary Essay Example for Free

Diagnosis and treatment of male genitourinary Essay 1. What is a physician that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of male genitourinary conditions called? Urologist 2. What disease causes the kidneys to overcompensate by straining within the remaining nephrons? Chronic Renal Failure 3. What are most kidney stones composed of? calcium-containing crystals 4. What are three types of bladder stones? Calcium, Uric acid, Struvite, and Cystine stones 5. A constriction of the perputial orifice that does not allow for the foreskin to fold back over the glans is called? paraphimosis 6. What is the term for the surgical removal of the uterus? Hysterectomy 7. What is the medical term for an examination/biopsy of the vagina and cervical areas? colposcopy 8. What disease or condition can lead to DUB (Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding)? Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia, and Polymenorrhea 9. How many days are used to calculate the EDD? The due date may be estimated by adding 280 days 10.What are the terms that describe the surgical removal of a fetus through an abdominal incision? caesarean section II. Go to http://www.aapc.com and answer the following questions: Q: For the CPCÂ ® certification, what are the specific eligibility requirements We recommend having an associate’s degree. Pay examination fee at the time of application submission. Maintain current membership with the AAPC. New members must submit membership payment with examination application. Renewing members must have a current membership at the time of submission and when exam results are released. All exams will be reported with exact scores and areas of study (65% or less).A CPC must have at least two years medical coding experience (members with an apprentice designation are not required to have two years medical coding experience.) Membership is required to be renewed annually and 36 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) must be submitted every two years for verification and authentication of expertise.

Should Juvenile Offender Be Tried As Adults Criminology Essay

Should Juvenile Offender Be Tried As Adults Criminology Essay Psychoanalysts have different theories and opinions. It does not matter if one looks at the theories of Jean Piaget or Erik Erickson, it is agreed that there are different levels of growth and development as a person ages. One does not reach full physiological and psychological maturity until adulthood. During the adolescent or juvenile stage of development, the brain and body continue to grow and mature. The brain is still developing and a person can still develop the cognitions to learn between right and wrong (Feldman, 2011). Trying these young offenders as adults and subjecting them to the way of the criminals they will come in contact with in adult prisons, supplies them with a society that will teach them skills needed to survive in a criminal world. If they are held in juvenile detention centers and provided the rehabilitation that is offered to them at that level, they have a better chance of learning right from wrong, repaying a debt to society for crimes committed, and beco ming a productive member of society. When a juvenile offenders commits an offense there are different guidelines that each state must follow when deciding to try as a juvenile or an adult. Depending on where the responsibility for the decision lies these guidelines will fall under one of three categories; judicial waiver, statutory exclusion, or concurrent jurisdiction (PBS, 2012). Judicial waiver means the juvenile court judge has the authority to send the case to criminal court rather than have it tried in the juvenile court system. This process is also knows as certification, remand, or bind over for criminal prosecution (Griffin, Addie, Adams, Firestine, 2011). Statutory exclusion means that a case starts out in criminal court rather than juvenile court. The juvenile court system is bypassed completely even though the offender is a juvenile. This is also known as legislative exclusion (Griffin, Addie, Adams, Firestine, 2011). Concurrent jurisdiction means that both systems work together and the prosecutor decides which avenue is the appropriate avenue for prosecution. This is also known as prosecutorial waiver, prosecutor discretion, or direct file (Griffin, Addie, Adams, Firestine, 2011). Laws started changing the way juveniles are handled in the 1980s and 1990s. For example, in Massachusetts, in 1990, Governor Dukakis signed a law into effect that stated that instead of the burden being placed on the court system to decide if a juvenile was to be tried as an adult, the burden of proof now was shifted to the juvenile to prove why they should not be tried as an adult (Kingsbury, 1990). The purpose of trying juveniles as adults is to impose harsher sentences in hopes that the fear of the harsher sentences will make juveniles think twice about committing the crimes but studies are showing that this is really not what is happening (PBS, 2012). Guidelines that govern the justice systems came into play in 1974 when the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act were enacted. Since its origination there have been many attempts, successful and not, to amend it. It sets standards for state and local juvenile justice systems, provides direct funding for states, research, training and technical assistance, and evaluations. It was put in place to protect youth (Center for Childrens Law and Policy). States that have no minimum age requirement to be tried as an adult are Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 10 are Kansas and Vermont (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 12 are Colorado, Missouri, and Montana (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 13 are Illinois, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, and Wyoming (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 14 are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Utah and Virginia (PBS, 2012). The one state that has a minimum age of 15 is New Mexico (PBS, 2012). One side of the argument is that juvenile offenders that are tried as adults, do not receive the rehabilitation that might help them and they only learn more from the criminals they are housed with and are returned to society as even worse offenders. Treating children as adults and not trying to teach them to become more responsible adults, society is not allowing them to learn from mistakes that are being made as a child. The other side of the argument is that by treating them as children and not subjecting them to harsher punishments, society is teaching them it is ok to commit the crimes and that they will not be held responsible at the same standards an adult would. There is hope that the fear of a harsher sentence would make a juvenile think twice about his actions and consider the harsher consequences. Over time, multiple studies have shown that there is little or no decrease in crime when juveniles are tried as adults and often show that the number of repeat offenses is higher in those, whose cases were tried in adult criminal court. A Florida study looked at reoccurring or repeat offenders among 2,738 juvenile offenders. It compared juveniles who had been processed in criminal court for mid-range offenses such as auto theft, assault, and robbery with a matched group of offenders that had remained in the juvenile system. To ensure and even match, they were matched in terms of offense, number of charges, prior record, race, sex, and age (University, 2007, p. 21). Short term study results showed that juveniles who went through the adult system were rearrested more quickly, were more likely to be rearrested, and were arrested more often for a more serious felony offense than those that remained in the juvenile system (University, 2007, p. 21). Two studies were completed comparing 16 and 17 year old offenders in New York City, who were processed in the adult criminal system as opposed to 16 and 17 year old offenders in New Jersey who remain in the juvenile system. The first study in the early 1980 compared 400 offenders who had committed first degree burglary and 400 first and second degree burglary offenders. Those juveniles that were put through the adult criminal system in New York were found to have higher rearrest rates, higher rates of reincarceration and shorter times between being rearrested (University, 2007, p. 22). The second study was completed in the early 1990s in the same locations using over 2000 juveniles that faced charges of robbery, burglary and assault. Again the results showed higher rearrest rate for violent crimes and a higher rearrest rate for felony property crimes (University, 2007, p. 22). In this last study there was one difference. Juveniles that were prosecuted in juvenile court for drug offen ses were more likely to be arrested for drug offenses than those processed in the adult criminal courts. On a larger scale, in 2006 a study was done comparing monthly violent arrest rates for 5 years prior to and after the laws were enacted to try the juveniles as adults. The study did not show a reduction in the overall rate of violent crime after the enactment of the laws. In 20 of 22 states there was no decline in arrest rates following the enactment of the laws. The state of Maine showed an overall decline for violent crimes and Wisconsin showed a temporary decline (University, 2007). Another study found that mixing juvenile offenders with more serious offenders in adult prison worsened the serious of their offenses as well as the length of their criminal careers (University, 2007). As the majority of studies show, prosecuting juveniles as adults is not a deterrent for crime. It only gives them knowledge and the skills to become more adept at the crimes. To understand the reasoning for this, one would need to look at the brain and the learning patterns of the human race. Most states have minimum age requirements for an adolescent to be tried as an adult, as stated above these ages vary from 10 to 15. During these years, the adolescent is still maturing and learning from the environment around them which can help shape the person they are to become. A person does not fully mature until they reach adulthood (Feldman, 2011). Society has two choices. A juvenile can be incarcerated and handled in the juvenile system, that is set up to help them learn from their actions and rehabilitate them to becoming a functioning productive member of society or they can be processed through the adult system; where they can learn from other criminals how to better their skills as a criminal and not receive any chance of rehabilitation. They will then be returned to society to practice what they have learned during incarceration. There are instances that should be reserved to be handled only in the adult judicial system. The crime of murder should be punishable as an adult because of the severity of deliberately taking another personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s life. A person that is capable of deliberately taking another life, regardless of age is not capable of rehabilitation. There are cases of self-defense and accidents that would not be considered deliberately taking a life and should receive case by case consideration. Another case that should be tried as an adult is a case involving deliberate physical assault or injury. Again, if they are to the point they can deliberately cause physical harm and injury to another, they are most likely past rehabilitation and need to be handled as such. Take into consideration a young male or female that has never been arrested or even so much as received a parking ticket, this adolescent ends up at the wrong personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s house and there is a party. Succumbing to peer pressure, this honor roll student drinks a few too many beers and rides along with a group of kids that have a criminal past and they break into a closed business. They are apprehended and all are taken through the adult court system. This previous honor roll student now has a felony record and cannot get the job they had in their future plans, they cannot register to vote, they cannot possess a gun and go hunting during hunting season and this is all due one bad mistake that happened one night; throwing away a life time of outstanding achievements. Should this juvenile be held to the same standards as a full grown adult that held a gun to an innocent victim and pulled the trigger? Is this plan foolproof and when does society need to change the rules? Society needs to uphold the same rules for juveniles as it does adults, just on different levels. Most states have a rule for repeat offenders known as 3 strikes youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re out. Three times of repeating and they serve a life sentence. Juveniles should be held to the same standards. If they are processed through the juvenile system and repeat offenses three times, then they should be moved up the ladder and processed through the adult judicial system.

Impact of the Cold War on the World Economies Essay -- Russia vs Ameri

Abstract from Paper World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence. This created a divide between communist countries and democratic counties which set up the Cold War. This divided world created a globalized economy unlike ever before, one with communist countries and one with democratic. All the countries of the world, of each government type, were interconnected and dependent on each other. The countries of the opposite group were not traded with, all the trading was done within a countries own group. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Keeping a nation’s economy going is a very difficult balancing act. Things the country itself does, like pass new laws, can effect a countries economy greatly. Situations were economies are hurt by new laws are completely in the hands of the countries government. In some situations it’s not in their control at all. This is like the situation with Scotland and its trade with Russia. The actions Russia has taken with the Ukraine have caused the European Union to put sanctions on Russia. This intern has hurt Scotland’s economy greatly. The country usually exports 45 million GPD of food and drink to Russia but 22 million GPD was stopped by the sanctions. That is a huge loss in revenue and has far reaching affects, the normal trade of these countries can be seen in the image bellow. Also it not only affects that sector of the economy but ripples through the whole economy (Maddox). However, this situation is not a new one and its causes can be traced back to the Cold W ar. World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence.... ...illars in the modern globalized democratic economy, alongside the U.S., causing many issues and creating a worldwide economic rift even to this day. WORKS CITED â€Å"Hoffman Reports Gain in ‘Cold War'† New York Times, December 8,1949. Maddox, David. â€Å"Nato tells Putin: ‘We stand with Ukraine’ The Scotsman, September 5, 2014. McWilliams, Wayne C., and Harry Piotrowski. The World since 1945: A History of International Relations. 7th ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009. Our Own Correspondent, et al. â€Å"Occupation Powers And European Economy.† Times [London, England] 11 Apr. 1950: 6. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 Apr. 2015. Painter, David. The Cold War An International History. New York: Routledge, 1999. Simensen, Jarle. â€Å"Democracy and Globalization; Nineteen Eighty-nine and the â€Å"Third Wave† Journal of World History 10.2 (1999) 391-411.

Changes in Nursing :: Nursing, Medicine, Article Review

The article I chose discusses the continual change in the roles of nurses. The article also poses a concept that nursing now is not based on caring, but medicine. â€Å"By accepting continual changes to the role of the nurse, the core function of nursing has become obscured and, despite assuming medical tasks, the occupation continues to be seen in terms of a role that is subordinate to and dependent on medicine.† (Iley 2004) Nurses are taking a more professional role, and more tasks are being delegated to assertive personnel. Therefore, with all these changes occurring, the role of the enrolled nurse is unclear. â€Å"Previously, having two levels of qualified nurse in the United Kingdom had been seen as problematic for health service managers and nurses themselves, and the ending of enrolled nurse programs in 1992 helped to solve this problem.† (2004) The study in this article gathered the characteristics of enrolled nurses and differentiated the groups converting to registered nurses, groups in the process of conversion, and groups interested or not interested in conversion. This study reveals the situation of enrolled nurses in context of continuing towards the professionalization of nursing. â€Å"The data from this study support the possibility that the role of nurses as direct caregivers is seen as a positive dimension of the work they undertake.† (2004) The findings imply that nurses need to get back to being caregivers, instead of concentrating on obtaining professional status in medicine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The significance of this article is that nursing is continually changing. The role of the nurse will always be based on direct care giving, however, nursing as an occupation is professional.

Advantages and disadvantages of fast food

Fast food is the term linking to the food is prepared and served quickly. It is a fact that there Is a rapid rise In the number of Mc Donal , KFC , Bugger King†¦. restaurants over the world as a obllvlous evidence for the hot trend of ready-food In fast-paced and sedentary life. However, like everything, it has its own pros and cons. The most demonstrable advantage of fast food is saving time. In today' modern life , people feel comfortable and convernient when they order a pizza or bugger after a hard and late work instead of spending a lot of time to cook the meal .Moreover, some fast food companies also establish a quick widow in their restaurant to help drivers buy and take away this food easier. To some extend, cost also consider a benefit of fast food . In reality, a single one can pay a small amount of money for a meal with fries or bread and soda while a whole family has a bigger expense. Furthermore, fast food does raise health concern, however people can chose good foo ds in menu in restaurants such as : salads , boiled chicken and fruit drinks.These smart choices not only save time but also provide nutrient food. Usually , fast food has higher calories , salt and additives than home cooking food. That leads to several healthy problems . One of them Is very dangerous-cardiovascular disease. Other serious worry Is obesity which Is on a rise In some rich countries Ilke America, England , Australia†¦ Regarding to the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health , fast food effects the obesity rates of 3 millions school children and weights gain over 3 millions pregnant women.Beside adverse effects on health, fast food also contributes on spending less and less time or members of family coming together. Because the home meal is long enough to talk and share experiences and teenagers tend to hangout with their friends and peers In fast food centers Instead of with their family. In conclusion , there are many debates among advantages and disadvantages of fast food. People can not deny that it saves time and makes fast-paced life more convenient but citing several points of its drawback also awake young generations avoid healthy problems and imbalance of modern life.

Margaret Thatcher: Creating a Neoliberal Culture Essay

Margaret Thatcher had a resounding career as a Prime Minister in Britain. She was loved and hated for her strong handed nature to politics. She drove down unemployment and brought Britain out of a recession through utilizing neoliberal policies. Thatcher increased the power of the private sector with a reduction of government regulation and privatization of public facilities. She took charge at creating a culture that was focused on the individual. Lastly she battled any unions, which sought to challenge the neoliberal values she was fostering. In order to claim Margaret Thatcher as a neoliberal, a solid definition of neoliberalism is needed. The ideology of neoliberalism is grounded in individual freedom. In order to achieve this, neoliberals ask for a system of government that is minimal. There should be almost no regulations that aim at restricting an individual’s freedom (Hall 2011 11). This allows people to act as free agents in accordance to their personal aspirations. To supplement this goal there is a desire for open, competitive and unregulated markets. State-led social engineering must never prevail over corporate and private interests.(Hall 2011 10-11) Capitalism as a market system provides freedom from state intervention and social collectivities. Stuart Hall states how Neoliberals see this â€Å"as the optimal mechanism to social-economic development,† (Hall 2011 11). They want to provide equality of opportunity and understand that this has a propensity to create inequality. This inequality is seen as a necessary evil in the creation of freedom, and ask that government not make any attempts to ameliorate the gap between people. The government’s role comes to the provision of securing the freedom of the people it sees over (Hall 2011 11). It does this through various things such as state guided military, police force, and law that protects private contracts. These state facilities protect the individuals and allow them to operate within the state. Neoliberalism is an ideology that acts to create individuals free to make choice and to succeed or fail by them. One of the main facets of neoliberalism is the reduction of government to  minimal levels. When Margaret Thatcher took office in 1979 she was determined to separate herself from the more socialist values of past leaders. Thatcher immediately sought to reduce power of the government in the private sector through flotation of government owned facilities. There where a series of small sell offs and then in 1984 the privatization of British Telecom proved hugely successful at reducing public debt. Then in 1987 opened the floodgates with the privatization of British Airways, Rolls-Royce, British Airports Authority, and later British steel (Hall 2011room and Sylvia 2011). After this Thatcher also was able to privatize British oil companies. She even privatized utilities such as water and electricity (Moore 2011). Besides the privatization of organizations, she also removed regulations on private corporations. The fair wages resolution created a wage floor that restricted the ability of corporations to pay competitive wages (Robertson 1986 288). In 1983 the government removed this resolution, opening a large gap in this wage floor (Robertson 1986 288). The Employment Act of 1975 gave workers the ability to submit low wage claims for government arbitration. Thatcher removed this with her updated Employment Act of 1980 (Robertson 1986 286). She was even willing to work around the law to increase the power of corporations When unable to make reparations to council law on minimum wages, she introduced the Young Workers Scheme (Robertson 1986 287). This grated subsidies to employers who paid less then legal minimum wage to workers 18 and younger (Robertson 1986 287). After the YWS was phased out she continued to avoid law with the New Workers Scheme (Robertson 1986 287). She provided government subsidies of  £20 to workers between the ages of eighteen and twenty who were paid less than  £80 per-week (Robertson 1986 287). This allows corporations to set prices lower than legal and incentives workers to take those positions. Along with increasing the strength of the private sector, Margaret Thatcher wanted to change British culture to be more in line with neoliberalism. She did this by promoting individual values and the reduction of state dependency. In Thatcher’s own words, â€Å"There is no such thing as society. There is only the individual and his family,† (Hall 2011 11). One of the first things she did was instate the Enterprise Allowance Scheme (Robertson 1986 288). This replaced employment benefits by giving  £40 a week to 65,000  people and then a  £1000 if they start their own business. This promotes individuals to create their own solutions in an economic environment that was riddled with unemployment. She then went on to make unemployment even less appealing by cutting benefits offered to real values not seen since 1951 (Robertson 1986 288). Thatcher had even raised the idea of refusing supplemental benefits to youth who didn’t register for jobs or job training, but had to back off when faced with accusation that this would be tantamount to conscription (Robertson 1986 289). These reforms had the effect of raising self-employed citizens to ten percent, declared by Britain’s Department of Employment (Jenkins 2007 164). Britain’s rank in economic freedom and entrepreneurial welcome has risen from 15th in 1989 to 1st in 1990 (Jenkins 2007 164). The above references show that Thatcher was trying to, and in many ways succeeded in creating a culture of individualism and self responsibility in Britain A source of resistance to the culture she had created was worker unions. Margaret Thatcher goes on to dismantle union power and stands cold faced and firm against any resistance they show. There are several key years in Thatcher’s battle against unions. In 1980, 1982, and 1984 there were a series of acts that undermined union economic and political power (Robertson 1986 286). The Employment Acts in 1980 and 1982 served to strip legal rights from unions such as secondary picketing and sympathy strikes. In 1982 there was an act that relaxed rules to unfair dismissal. What it did was to exempt small businesses from rules that enabled workers to file unfair dismissal claims if they had less than two years of service (Robertson 1986 286). She even went to try and extend this exemption to all business in 1985 (Robertson 1986 286). In response some unions organized strikes to confront Thatcher’s crackdown. The most well known attempt was the miners’ union organizing a strike that lasted for over a year (Moore 2011). Throughout this Thatcher did not relent any of her conditions or regulations. In the end the union gave in and the strike broke (Moore 2011). Throughout her time in office the yearly money lost to days of strike fell from 29.5 million to 1.9 million (Moore 2011). Margaret Thatcher drove union membership down sixteen percent between I979 and I984 (Robertson 1986 287), showing that she was further driving Britain into  Neoliberal ideals Some people have suggested that Margaret Thatcher’s assault on government and claimed her to be as far right as libertarian. The previously stated quote â€Å"there is no such thing as society. There is only the individual and his (sic) family,† (Hall 2011 11) is a radically right saying people could point towards. Also her privatization of essential goods and services such as water points towards a far right standpoint. The difference between neoliberal and libertarian mainly comes down to degree. This means that both are right aligned, holding a focus on freeing of people and reducing government. It should be held that Margaret Thatcher is not as far right as libertarian. Though she took Britain along with her in a huge sweet politically in that direction, she held some key businesses as private for the benefit of Britain’s economic well being. She also did not really undermine the post-war welfare consensus. She retained such public sector giants as the NHS, British Rail, the Post Office (Jenkins 2007 162). These could have been privatized, but it was held that doing this could hurt Britain economically. A libertarian would have to cut these as they are not seen as being responsible to the state. She also kept the structure of social welfare and benefits (Jenkins 2007 162). Though she did restrict funding and brought it down in degree, a libertarian would have eliminated such state run benefits For these reasons Thatcher is politically right, but not to the degree of libertarianism. Margaret Thatcher’s career as a Prime Minister in Britain was controversial at best. She took to neoliberal values to drive down unemployment and foster economic profit in Britain Thatcher stripped the public sector of many of its organizations and then cutting government regulations to increase the power of the private sector. She sought to create a culture in Britain around the individual and their responsibility to their own success. She also broke down unions as they stood to fight against the neoliberal culture she had created. This is why Margaret Thatcher is a neoliberal. References Robertson, David. 1986. â€Å"Mrs. Thatcher’s Employment Prescription: An Active Neo-Liberal Labor Market Policy† Journal of Public Policy. 6: 275-296. Groom, Brian. And Pfeifer, Sylvia. 2011. â€Å"Privatisation defined Thatcher era.† http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/docview/909517457 (November 21, 2012). Hall, Stuart. 2011. â€Å"The neoliberal revolution: Thatcher, Blair, Cameron – the long march of neoliberalism continues.†Soundings. 48: 9-27. Moore, Charles. 2011. â€Å"The Invincible Mrs. Thatcher.† http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA276179927&v=2.1&u=ucalgary&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w (November 21, 2012). Jenkins, Simon. 2007. â€Å"Thatcher’s Legacy.† Political Studies Review. 5: 161-171.